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- Amnesia
Amnesia is a condition that causes partial or total memory loss in a person. The condition can be caused due brain damage, head injury, psychological trauma, etc. There are many kinds of amnesia, such as retrograde amnesia (the loss of pre-existing memories), and anterograde amnesia (the inability to make new memories). The treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and may include cognitive rehabilitation or psychotherapy to help individuals cope with the effects of memory loss.
- Attachment
A deep emotional bond between individuals that develop over time. The attachment theory emphasizes that early experiences with caregivers shape a person’s ability to form and maintain close and healthy relationships throughout their life. Psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth have contributed majorly to the study of attachment in Psychology.
- Attribution
A concept in social psychology explains how people assign causes for behaviors or events often based on limited information. A few types of attribution used in daily life are Interpersonal, Predictive, and Explanatory Attribution. The major theories of Attribution are Correspondent Inference Theory by Edward Jones and Keith Davis and Common-Sense Theory by Fritz Heider.
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- Phobia
A phobia is an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. It is a type of anxiety disorder that is persistent and can interfere with daily life, causing significant distress and impairment. The causes of phobias are not entirely understood, but they are believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some most common phobias are Acrophobia (fear of heights), Social phobia (fear of social interactions), Agoraphobia (fear of crowded or open spaces), Mysophobia (fear of germs)
Aerophobia (fear of flying)
- Personality
The unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from others is Personality. It is a result of both biology and environment, and it is much more constant over the course of life. There are several theories on personality including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, humanistic theory, and social-cognitive theory. Some talk about how personalities are expressed, and others focus more on development. In research, there are a variety of methods to study personality, including self-report questionnaires, behavioral observations, and projective tests. Understanding personality also helps in practical applications in fields such as clinical psychology, counseling, and organizational psychology.
- Positive psychology
One of the newest branches of psychology, positive psychology studies positive emotions, character strengths, and virtues, and their impact on human well-being. Positive psychology emphasizes the promotion of well-being and the development of human potential. The interventions, such as mindfulness training, gratitude journaling, and character strengths exercises, have been shown to improve mental health outcomes. Positive psychology is useful in a variety of contexts, including clinical psychology, education, the workplace, and communities.
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- Resilience
Resilience is a person’s ability to bounce back from challenging situations and to maintain a sense of emotional stability and well-being in the face of difficulties. Some factors that contribute to resilience include social support, positive thinking, problem-solving skills, and a sense of purpose or meaning in life. Resilience is important in promoting mental health and can help individuals overcome trauma and stress, as well as maintain healthy relationships and a positive outlook on life.
- Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of measurement over time. For a test or measure to be considered reliable, it should produce consistent results when administered repeatedly under similar conditions. There are several ways to assess reliability, including test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency. Reliability is important in psychology because it ensures that research findings are accurate and can be replicated, which increases confidence in the validity of the results.
- Rationalization
A defense mechanism that involves creating socially acceptable explanations for behaviors, feelings, or thoughts that may be uncomfortable or unacceptable. Rationalization can occur consciously or unconsciously and may involve distorting or reinterpreting reality to make it more tolerable. Examples: making excuses for being late, justifying dishonest behavior, or attributing negative events to external factors rather than taking responsibility.
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- Id
One of the three components of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Id is the only part of the personality that is present at birth, according to Freud. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of one’s needs and desires. It is in constant conflict with the ego and the superego, which attempt to control and balance the impulses of the id in accordance with social norms and values to function effectively in society.
- Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity because it is personally rewarding and fulfilling, rather than being driven by external rewards or pressures. Intrinsic motivation is fueled by an individual’s internal interests, curiosity, and enjoyment of the activity itself. Example: playing music, reading for pleasure, or engaging in a hobby.
- Introspection
Introspection is a method of self-examination and reflection that involves looking inward to explore and analyze one’s thoughts, feelings, and mental processes. It is a method of gaining insight into one’s own consciousness. Self-questioning, journaling, and meditation are all techniques of introspection. This method was also a central focus of early schools of psychology such as structuralism and functionalism.
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- Likert Scale
A Likert scale is a common psychometric scale used in psychology to measure attitudes, opinions, and beliefs. Developed by and named after organizational psychologist Rensis Likert. The scale consists of a series of questions to which participants are asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a five-point or seven-point scale, with 1 indicating “strongly disagree” and 5 or 7 indicating “strongly agree”. It is a reliable and widely used tool in psychological research.
- Latent Learning
Latent learning is a type of learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and is only demonstrated when a suitable motivation or incentive appears. The term was coined by psychologist Edward Tolman, who conducted experiments on rats to study the phenomenon. Example: You have knowledge of every route in your city, you travel every day and learn new locations. This is latent learning because you are not using it. The day you need to go to one of those specific locations, then you will draw the memory map for what you have learned so far.
- Lucid Dream
A lucid dream is a type of dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming and may have some level of control over the content and outcome of the dream. It is often associated with what is known as metacognition. Metacognition involves the awareness and understanding of your own thought processes. Some signs that you might have had a lucid dream are heightened self-awareness, vivid dreams, intense emotions, and high sense of control.
Blog By : DEEBHA SITHTA
